Japanese Business Glossary

社債 (shasai) translates to "corporate bond" in English.

A corporate bond is a type of debt security issued by a corporation to raise capital. When an investor purchases a corporate bond, they are essentially lending money to the issuing corporation. In return, the corporation promises to pay the investor regular interest payments (coupons) over the life of the bond and to repay the principal amount (face value) when the bond matures.

Corporate bonds are used by companies to finance various activities such as expanding operations, funding new projects, or refinancing existing debt. They are considered a relatively safe investment, though the level of risk can vary depending on the financial stability and creditworthiness of the issuing corporation. Higher-risk bonds typically offer higher interest rates to attract investors.

相場 (soba) refers to the market price or prevailing rate of a particular good or service in Japan. It is commonly used to describe the current price level or rate in various contexts, such as the stock market, real estate, or commodities. For instance, in the stock market, soba indicates the current trading price of stocks. In real estate, it signifies the prevailing property prices in a particular area.

共済掛金 (kyosai kakekin) refers to the premium or contribution paid into a mutual aid association or cooperative insurance system in Japan. These systems are designed to provide members with financial support in times of need, such as during illness, accident, or other unforeseen events. Members of a mutual aid association regularly pay these premiums, which collectively form a fund used to support those in the community who require assistance. This system emphasizes mutual support and communal risk-sharing, ensuring that all members can access necessary resources when needed.

死別 (shibetsu) refers to the separation caused by death, particularly the loss of a loved one. This term is often used to describe the profound emotional and psychological impact experienced when someone close, such as a family member or a friend, passes away. The grieving process following shibetsu can be intense and vary greatly among individuals, encompassing feelings of sadness, anger, confusion, and loneliness. In Japanese culture, coping with shibetsu often involves traditional mourning practices, rituals, and community support to help individuals navigate their grief and find solace.

前渡金 (maewatashikin) refers to an advance payment or prepayment made before the receipt of goods or services in Japan. This payment is typically used to secure a purchase or service, ensuring that the supplier or service provider has funds upfront to commence or continue their work. It is commonly used in various business transactions, including construction projects, manufacturing orders, and service contracts. By providing maewatashikin, the buyer demonstrates commitment to the transaction, and the seller gains financial assurance to proceed with the necessary preparations or production. This practice helps maintain trust and smooth operations in business dealings.

端数 (hasu) refers to a fractional or leftover amount in Japanese, often used in financial and accounting contexts. It typically denotes small remainders or digits that do not round up to a whole number. For instance, when dealing with currency, hasu might represent amounts less than one yen, such as a fraction of a yen in interest calculations. In other contexts, hasu can refer to any small, leftover quantity after division, such as in inventory or measurements. Managing hasu is important for accuracy in financial records, pricing, and inventory management, ensuring precise and transparent accounting practices.