Japanese Business Glossary

仮想通貨 (kasoutsuuka) refers to virtual currency or cryptocurrency in Japan. These digital assets use cryptographic technologies to secure transactions and control the creation of new units. Unlike traditional currencies issued by governments, kasoutsuuka operates on decentralized networks based on blockchain technology. Popular examples include Bitcoin and Ethereum. In Japan, kasoutsuuka is recognized as a legal method of payment, and its use is regulated under the Payment Services Act. This regulatory framework ensures transparency and security in transactions, protecting consumers and fostering trust in the digital economy. Understanding kasoutsuuka is crucial for anyone involved in digital finance, investment, or technology sectors, as it represents a significant shift in how value is exchanged and stored globally.

適格請求書発行事業者登録番号 (tekikaku seikyūsho hakko jigyosha toroku bango) refers to the Qualified Invoice Issuer Registration Number. This number is assigned to businesses in Japan that are registered to issue qualified invoices under the Japanese consumption tax system.

A qualified invoice includes detailed information required by the tax authorities, such as the seller's registration number, the transaction date, the total amount including tax, and a breakdown of applicable taxes. The registration number ensures that the business is authorized to issue these invoices, which are necessary for buyers to claim input tax credits.

Businesses must apply for this registration to participate in the invoice system, which is part of Japan's efforts to ensure accurate tax reporting and compliance.

貸倒引当金 (kashidaore hikiatekin) refers to a bad debt reserve or allowance for doubtful accounts. This is a financial provision that businesses set aside to cover potential losses from customers who may be unable to pay their debts.

In accounting, this allowance is created to reflect the realistic value of a company's receivables by accounting for the possibility of non-collection. It involves estimating the amount of receivables that are unlikely to be collected and recording this estimate as an expense, which reduces the net income. The corresponding allowance is recorded on the balance sheet as a contra asset account, reducing the total accounts receivable.

By maintaining a kashidaore hikiatekin, companies can better manage their financial health and ensure more accurate financial reporting.

地方法人税 (chiho hojinzei) refers to local corporate tax in Japan. This tax is imposed on corporations by local governments, in addition to the national corporate tax. The local corporate tax is designed to provide local governments with a stable source of revenue to fund public services and infrastructure within their jurisdictions.

The tax rate and regulations can vary depending on the specific local government, but it is generally based on the corporation's income and operations within that area. Corporations are required to file and pay this tax along with their national corporate tax returns.

Understanding and complying with chiho hojinzei is crucial for businesses operating in Japan, as it ensures they meet all local tax obligations and contribute to the economic well-being of the regions where they conduct their business activities.

契約 (keiyaku) refers to a contract or agreement. This is a legally binding arrangement between two or more parties, outlining the terms and conditions under which they agree to perform specific actions or refrain from certain activities.

Contracts can cover a wide range of transactions, including sales, services, employment, leases, and partnerships. The essential elements of a valid contract typically include an offer, acceptance, consideration (something of value exchanged), and mutual intent to be bound by the agreement.

In Japan, as in many other countries, contracts can be written or verbal, though written contracts are preferred for clarity and enforceability. Properly drafted and executed contracts help ensure that all parties understand their rights and obligations, reducing the risk of disputes and providing a legal framework for resolving any issues that may arise.

一般財団法人 (ippan zaidan hojin) refers to a "General Incorporated Foundation" in Japan. This type of organization is a non-profit entity that operates independently from the government. It is established to pursue various public interest activities such as education, culture, science, and welfare. A General Incorporated Foundation is different from a company as it does not aim to generate profit for distribution to shareholders. Instead, any surplus funds are reinvested into the foundation's activities. To establish an General Incorporated Foundation, specific legal procedures must be followed, including drafting a charter and registering with the relevant authorities. This structure allows for greater flexibility in managing and funding public interest projects while maintaining transparency and accountability.